Artificial i > Ontology

Negation in Ontologies

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Inconsistencies, Negations and Changes in Ontologies
Proceeding of the 21st National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Boston, US, July 16-20, 2006. AAAI.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.107.2707&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Giorgos Flouris, Zhisheng Huang, Jeff Z. Pan, Dimitris Plexousakis, Holger Wache

related:
An introduction to Description Logics and Ontology Languages
Magdalena Ortiz
June 2016
https://www.amw-rdm.org/amw-school-1

Das Nicht im Satz
2010
https://www.ici-berlin.org/events/werner-hamacher

Combining Ontologies with Rules (Two Different Worlds?)
2007
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4832454

examples:

    • Viruses do not have any capacity for locomotion and, therefore, the collision event is simply a random process determined by diffusion.
      Sherris Medical Microbiology, 7e ©2018 > Chapter 6: Viruses—Basic Concepts > VIRUS REPLICATION CYCLE Adsorption or Attachment

No todo conocimiento puede codificarse

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Reconocemos que no todo conocimiento puede codificarse.
(La complejidad del conocimiento: el conocimiento tacito frente al explicito. p. 37)

Smart Things to Know About Knowledge Management
Thomas M. Koulopoulus and Carl Frappaolo
1999.

picture:
Knowledge Management, 2nd Edition
Carl Frappaolo
March 2006, Capstone
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1841127051.html

related:
https://franzcalvo.wordpress.com/2014/10/11/tacit-knowledge

Ontology > Exception

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apicoplasts have been detected in all apicomplexan parasites studied, with the exception of Cryptosporidium
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-apicoplast-an-organelle-with-a-green-14231555

DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus by using host RNA polymerase for transcription and either host or viral DNA polymerase for replication (exception are poxviruses that replicate in the cytoplasm).
Sherris Medical Microbiology, 7e ©2018 > Chapter 6: Viruses—Basic Concepts

Most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm—the immediate site of entry with the exception of influenza viruses and the retroviruses that replicate in the nucleus.
Sherris Medical Microbiology, 7e ©2018 > Chapter 6: Viruses—Basic Concepts

related:
https://franzcalvo.wordpress.com/2016/02/15/semantic-web-services-inherently-unreliable-2012

Ontology resources

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Symptom ontology
https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/SYMP

http://www.ontobee.org

The DBpedia Ontology (2014)
accessed: January 3, 2015
http://wiki.dbpedia.org/Ontology2014?v=l4h

cited by:
NLP
Stanford, June 2012
https://class.coursera.org/nlp/lecture/138
http://online.stanford.edu/course/natural-language-processing

related:

Freebase
https://www.freebase.com

EuroWordNet
http://www.illc.uva.nl/EuroWordNet

BabelNet
http://babelnet.org

openthesaurus.de
https://www.openthesaurus.de

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/news/mplusdictionary03.html

ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/index/r
=============================================
site:sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience => 13,200 pages

ChEBI Ontology
accessed: 2020
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/chebiOntology.do?chebiId=CHEBI:35602

http://www.nature.com/subjects/signs-and-symptoms

https://www.kenhub.com/en/atlas/interstitial-lamellae

https://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Text%20Sections/Bone.html

2008
http://act.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/bone.html

http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/bone/bone_types.php

2013
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/home_pages/crimando/BIO201/jcastu53.htm

2008
http://wberesford.hsc.wvu.edu/histolch7.htm
http://wberesford.hsc.wvu.edu

intramembranous ossification
2013

The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology
2012
https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1t9icSzRi0C

2018
https://www.genscript.com/molecular-biology-glossary/3099/virion

2015
http://www.microbiologybook.org/mhunt/glossary.htm

https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary

https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/symptoms-of-pulmonary-disorders/cough-in-adults

Movie “Bloodshot”:
– They are in my blood?
– They are your blood.

There are multiple grand truths

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Structure Data 2014: Democratizing Artificial Intelligence with APIs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHVeoJBtoIM
Apr 11, 2014
If you think Siri is smart, you haven’t seen anything yet. Hear how APIs are putting cutting-edge capabilities in deep learning, cognitive computing and artificial intelligence into the hands of developers everywhere.
Elliot Turner — CEO, AlchemyAPI
Stephen Gold — VP, WW Marketing and Sales Operations, Watson Solutions, IBM Software Group

00:40 cognition as a service
02:05 programatic computing
04:00 in congnitive systems, there is no absolute outcome
05:00 the grand truth
05:40 context is key. You can have multiple grand truths, depending on the situation. Vampires are real in certain contexts, but they’re not in others.

“… the data, which in the end would form the ‘grand truth’ that Watson would regard as baseline facts.”
http://cornellsun.com/blog/2012/10/24/hello-watson-students-design-tech-support-program-from-jeopardy-super-computer-watson

There seems to be no term in the NN literature for the set of all cases that you want to be able to generalize to. Statisticians call this set the “population”. Tsypkin (1971) called it the “grand truth distribution,” but this term has never caught on.
Tsypkin, Y. (1971), Adaptation and Learning in Automatic Systems, NY: Academic Press.
http://www.developpez.net/forums/d1216717/general-developpement/algorithme-mathematiques/algorithmes/intelligence-artificielle/rdn-methodes-d-evaluation-performances

the notion of context as a critical feature to understanding anything. Bateson (1979) was adamant in making the point that “without context, words and actions have no meaning at all” (p. 16).
Words and actions need to be situated in one or more relevant and meaningful contexts, in order to develop any degree of complex understandings.
The use of metapatterns for research into complex systems of teaching, learning, and schooling. Part II: Applications.
Bloom, Jeffrey W., & Volk, Tyler. (2007).
Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education. 4(1): 45—68.
http://internationalbatesoninstitute.wikidot.com/jrnlarticles:2

Category Theory for Scientists

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Category Theory for Scientists
David I. Spivak
MIT. 2013
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-s996-category-theory-for-scientists-spring-2013

Department of Mathematics
Spring 2013
http://math.mit.edu/~dspivak/teaching/sp13

Book (Sept 2013)
http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.6946

related:
http://blogs.ams.org/blogonmathblogs/2013/08/14/this-is-your-brain-this-is-your-brain-on-category-theory

nLab > Category Theory
http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/category+theory
Dec. 2014